Oncogenic Viruses and Lifestyle Factors in the Rising Incidence of Head and Neck Cancers

Abstract

Head and neck cancers (HNCs) encompass a diverse group of malignancies affecting various anatomical sites within the head and neck region. Despite advances in early detection and treatment strategies, the global burden of HNCs remains substantial, with an alarming rise in incidence rates observed in recent decades. This comprehensive review delves into the intricate interplay between oncogenic viruses, particularly human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and lifestyle factors, such as tobacco and alcohol consumption, that contribute to the development and progression of HNCs. By unraveling the complex molecular mechanisms underlying viral oncogenesis and the modulating effects of lifestyle exposures, this article aims to shed light on the multifaceted etiology of HNCs and inform strategies for prevention, early detection, and targeted therapeutic interventions.