Designing Human-Machine Interfaces for Steer-by-Wire Systems: Addressing Safety, User Acceptance, and Technological Challenges in Advanced Automotive Steering

Abstract

As the automotive industry advances towards greater automation and efficiency, Steer-by-wire
(SbW) technology is emerging as an important innovation in vehicle steering systems. SbW tech-
nology replaces traditional mechanical and hydraulic steering linkages with electronic controls,
offering benefits such as reduced weight, improved design flexibility, and enhanced vehicle dy-
namics. However, the successful integration of SbW systems depends on the effective design
of human-machine interfaces (HMIs) to ensure driver safety, comfort, and acceptance. This
paper examines the key considerations in developing HMIs for SbW technology, focusing on
its applications, limitations, and factors influencing user acceptance. It reviews current SbW
implementations across different vehicle types, assessing how HMI designs affect driver inter-
action and vehicle control. The study also analyzes the limitations of SbW, including reliability
concerns, cybersecurity risks, and the need for fail-safe mechanisms. Additionally, it explores the
psychological and ergonomic factors impacting user acceptance, highlighting the importance of
intuitive design and user feedback in building trust. The aim is to provide insights into developing
effective HMIs for SbW to advance safer and more user-friendly automotive systems.